A Business Case for an ISO 14001 Essay

Abstract The ISO 14000 series takes the international standards system to the field of environmental concerns. ISO 14001 focuses on the development and maintenance of an Environmental Management System, within the ISO 14000 series. The ISO 14000 series is of relatively recent origin, having been instituted in 1991. However, it has emerged as a significant force within a short time. The ISO 14000 series is relevant for the world of business, for governments and regulators, for organizations that work not-for-profit and for entities of all types and sizes, wherever they may be. Its universal nature makes it a unique and dominant system for all people who are concerned with pollution, waste and about the consumption of resources that are limited and which cannot be renewed. ISO 14000 promotes professional conduct. Training people and involving them in key processes lie at the heart of the ISO 14000 system. The rigors of certification serve to develop human resources. It can serve to motivate people at all levels of the hierarchy, and to foster team spirit. The ISO 14000 system is not limited to altruism and to noble intentions. It is worth hard cash. ISO 14001 puts great pressure to bear on achieving productivity improvements that translate to valuable cost savings. Major international corporations enjoy impressive profit growth through the ISO 14000 series. All ISO certifications carry the benefits of independent and international recognition. ISO extension in to the field of environmental concerns through the 14000 series brings desirable pressure on companies that produce hazardous substances and which generate enormous amounts of waste. Customers everywhere have the choice to insist on ISO 14000 certifications. Companies may find themselves excluded from significant market segments if they continue to ignore or to avoid ISO 14000. Some organizations may find themselves out of business if they do not secure ISO 14000 certification. Apple leads a galaxy of the world’s most respected enterprises in using ISO 14001 certification as a cornerstone of competitive strategy. Lithium ion battery technology is an example of innovation that a commitment to environmental conservation can present. Solutions inspired by ISO 14001 can have welcome economic benefits, apart from noble achievements in terms of environmental conservation. Reduction in energy consumption is an outstanding example, since power generation can be both expensive as well as polluting. ISO 14000 calls for abiding commitment on the part of all entities that seek certification. The system consumes major portions of employee time. ISO 14000 becomes a major element of cost, though it does produce handsome returns. The ISO 14000 series follows a highly structured implementation procedure. There is comprehensive documentation widely available that any organization can use to enter the system. Most organizations find it expedient to use consultants to guide them through the process. Independent auditors are inevitable. External auditors must be knowledgeable, experienced and accredited. ISO 14000 has important weaknesses. Loss of proprietary information is the most serious risk. Certified companies may find that their defenses have been compromised in the event of litigation. This arises from the documentation and management reviews that are integral to ISO 14000. ISO 14000 leaves organizations free to choose their own goals, priorities and standards. It therefore lends itself to potential abuse by organizations that may push important social concerns to the background, or to prevaricate about deleterious aspects of environmental degradation. Some organizations may not be able to fund the investments in time and money that ISO 14000 requires. The benefits may therefore evade small enterprises. ISO 14000 documentation needs can also duplicate documentation that other systems and some regulations require. Training and audit infrastructure is inadequate for widespread and global application of ISO 14000. Some organizations, especially in remote regions can find themselves excluded though they may wish to enlist. ISO 14000 confines itself to the environment. It does not consider issues of human wellness. There are many community concerns that ISO 14000 does not address. It is not a guarantee of ethical performance of an organization on all fronts. Business interests may be served best if companies were to use ISO 14000 for internal review, without going in for certification or even registration. It would then be an effective tool of risk management without opening the firm to unwelcome public scrutiny. Purpose of the Study There are a number of excellent consulting services and other resources available at a cost, to help companies through the process of achieving certification. The key is the element of cost. In order to receive funds for consulting services or any other resources, you may have to justify your endeavor financially prior receiving any funding. Even if your company is capable of going through the process without any outside resources there are still direct and indirect costs associated with the process, prior to hiring a certification company to conduct an audit. You will have to buy materials, pull people in full time and part time, audit and update records. Training will be required for employees and management. The purpose is to show that the costs associated with obtaining and maintaining an ISO 14000 certification as part of an Environmental Management System, can be exceeded by the benefits of doing so. The benefits are not just monetary, but also how the company is viewed in the public eye as well, which is increasingly important in today’s global economy. Importance of the study Several industries are trying very hard to change their public image as environmentally â€Å"unfriendly†. The oil industry with its need to seek more sources, often in wilderness areas, chemical companies which have in the past legally dumped toxic waste, the timber industries and the automotive industry which continues to produce large gas guzzling SUV’s and trucks are all very sensitive to public perception. Perception is very powerful and a company does not want to be perceived as harmful to the environment or not environmentally friendly. The ISO 14000 certification system can be used as a tool to not just say we are concerned about the environment, but to show what you have been doing, are doing and will be doing to improve your performance. In doing so you should be able to add to your bottom line, both direct and indirect. As more and more of these companies and seek and obtain the ISO 14000 certification they require suppliers to do so as well. It is very likely that both public and private demand for environmental responsibility will continue to fuel the shift towards certification as proof of doing so. In the global economy today an ISO 14000 certification could become as important, to show a company’s environmental responsibility, as ISO or QS 9000 is to show a commitment to quality. It may become a prerequisite to doing business with some companies and in more industries as it has in the automotive industry. This study seeks to contribute to the on-going debate within some sections of industry about the economics of ISO 14001. We know that large corporations invest in registrations, often under duress from social activists. But is there money to be gained by following the system? Can there be purely business reasons for seeking ISO 14001 certification? Can smaller enterprises participate? These are some of the questions that this study seeks to answer. Scope of the Study The majority of the top 100 companies in the United States have already achieved ISO 14000 certification. The same trend exists in the European Union. The research will look at what is driving the movement towards certification. It will also look at what is required to become certified and to maintain that certification. This will be done through case studies of companies that have already achieved certification, how it has affected their companies and in what ways. The main focus being that it makes good business sense, and the justification thereof. The study concentrates on the business and profit reasons for ISO 14000 registrations, with tertiary scans of ethical issues and applicability of not-for-profit organizations. The study includes brief descriptions of all phases of the ISO 14001 process, with outlines of the various sections of the manual that is an integral part of the process. Rationale of the Study While a lot companies have already achieved ISO 14000 certification many more have not. One of the biggest factors in failure to achieve or to get the company to attempt certification, especially in small and medium size companies, is that often the appointed SME (subject matter expert) has little knowledge as to what is required. It is a task that is added to their current â€Å"to do† list and they are not given the proper resources or time to conduct a thorough study as to what needs to be done, the resources it will require and what is most important in some cases, R.O. I. (Return On Investment). This study will help to explain what is required, where to look for information and through case studies show that a positive R. O. I. can be achieved through ISO 14000 certification and the maintenance of the certification. Overview of the Study The study will consider the attributes of ISO 14000 as an Environmental Management System. In this paper the main focus will be to define the quantitative as well as qualitative benefits for employing an EMS, in our case ISO 14000. While ISO 14000 will be the primary focus, other EMS systems will also be discusses as alternatives and for relative comparisons. The procedures for and the costs of implementation will also be looked at as part of the study. In the process case studies will be studied and discussed through the use of Internet searches, relevant case studies and publications as well as personal experience and interviews with others in the field. This study will attempt to provide methods for justification of perusing certification. We will also try to give an overview of the process for obtaining certification from the planning stage, through implementation, certification as well as the follow up and continuous improvement required to maintain certification. The Ethical Rationale for Environmental Management Standards Concern for the environment is one of the hallmarks of social concerns during our times. Awareness has been growing since the last quarter of the 20th century. It has snowballed in to a major force. There are signs that countries and people will become increasingly demanding of all organizations with which to deal, in this respect. Though the first world is more influenced by concern for the environment, developing economies are also dragged in to the vortex of global opinion, as electronic media and desire for market access drive even poorer people to conform to conservation standards. Pollution, use of hazardous substances, non-degradable waste and consumption of limited natural resources are the four principal corners of environmental concerns. Pollution of air and water are most perceptible for lay people, but the effects of land fills can be equally devastating. Pesticides and organic solvents lead a series of chemicals with both acute and chronic effects. Mesothelioma is an example of a consequence of exposure to a hazardous substance, the fatal implications of which can surface after decades. Organochlorine pesticides persist in nature almost indefinitely. People at large have become very concerned about such residues and threats that surround them. Women and children are especially vulnerable. The concept of supply chains has spurred thoughts about life cycle analysis. Exhaustive labeling requirements have made people more generally aware that an innocuous finished product may involve the use of hazardous substances. Processed foods are common examples of convenience products that may contain harmful ingredients and sources of infection and contamination. This matter also leads to consideration of packaging materials that we have traditionally taken for granted. Consumers are now aware that products made from paper can involve the destruction of forest cover, while plastic has acquired a notorious image for its persistence. This applies to tin and other metals as well. Mercury and other heavy metals in batteries and electronic products are also causes of concern. Clean water has been in acute shortage in many parts of the third world for some time now, but even developed economies have begun to worry about large-scale use of this precious resource, Ground water contamination and depletion of the ozone layer are other matters that engage much popular attention. Large corporations that generate profits are prime targets for pressures to develop environmental management standards. Companies, whose operations transcend national boundaries, have to be especially careful of their environmental footprints. However, government, social service organizations and small business may all affect the environment in serious and indelible ways. Hence it is possible that environmental management programs may become increasingly universal with the passage of time. We may conclude that there is a strong ethical foundation for environmental concerns. All organizations regardless of their size, nature and location, will be subject to pressures to monitor their environmental impacts, and to find ways of reducing or even eliminating all harmful implications of their transactions. The ethical rationale has a firm linkage with business reasons for ISO 14000 certifications, as there are societal trends that it soon become a pre-requisite for continuing to be in business. The Sustainability Imperative for Environmental Management Mature sectors of national economies, and ones that grow rapidly, are in danger of extinction if they do not address environmental concerns. Electronic waste generated by computers and emissions from heavy industries are examples of enterprises and activities that may have a natural end if they do not address the irreversible effects that they can have on the environment. Depletion of the ozone layer is the sort of contentious issue that spreads across sectors and across countries as well. Closely held companies and ones whose stocks are actively traded on markets are most vulnerable to sustainability pressures. The effects of litigation on tobacco and pharmaceutical companies does influence market capitalization significantly, while major industrial accidents can cause companies to cease operations altogether. Government authorities responsible for solid waste disposal, drainage and water supply, may also face bottlenecks if they do not institute timely procedures for environmental management. Food safety is an issue that can affect even a small hot-dog stand. All entities are subject to irreversible degradation if they cause continuing pollution and wasteful consumption. Viral pandemics amongst poor communities are proof that the effects of a deteriorating environment are ultimately universal. We may conclude that there are survival compulsions for all sections of society, in terms of using environmental management systems. Damage and depletion have cumulative effects, some of which manifest themselves many years later. Changes in the macro-environment, such as ozone depletion have serious consequences for innocent communities. Stakeholders of all hues need the umbrella of environmental management systems for their own survival. There are indications that the only companies that will survive and prosper as the 21st century unfolds will be the ones with sound environmental management systems in place. The ones that consume too much of energy and that are relatively wasteful of materials, will be forced out of business by more efficient competitors. Companies that consume vast quantities of non-renewable resources will begin to reach deep in to irreversible crevasses. Society will become increasingly impatient with waste that cannot degrade, and even more so with air and water emissions that threaten human wellness. Companies may escape accountability for environmental degradation in the third world for awhile yet, but apocalypse for them is visible on the horizon! Recent concern for the environment in China marks a watershed, for industries and individuals in this enormous market have operated without such cares until now. The new trend in China spells a change for all corporations that sell their goods and services there, and also for those which source inputs from that vast land. India, being a democracy and a land of education, will follow suit in due course. The days for those without environmental management programs in place are numbered, and there is advantage in jumping on to the learning curve of ISO 14001 as soon as possible. The system has a business rationale, shorn of any altruistic motives.

Problems and Prospects of Bangladesh Essay

Despite its poor-country status, increasing numbers of tourists have visited Bangladesh, a new but minor source of foreign exchange earning. Tourism in the early 1980s amounted to some 49,000 visitors per year, but by 1986 more than 129,000 tourists–mostly from India, the United States, Britain, and Japan–visited Bangladesh. According to the Bangladesh Parjaton Corporation (Bangladesh Tourism Corporation), some Tk44.6 million in foreign exchange was earned in 1986 from the tourism industry. PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS The Bangladesh government and the Bangladesh Aid Group have taken seriously the idea that Bangladesh is the test case for development. In the late 1980s, it was possible to say, in the somewhat patronizing tone sometimes adopted by representatives of donor organizations, that Bangladesh had generally been a â€Å"good performer.† Even in straitened times for the industrialized countries, Bangladesh remained a favored country for substantial commitments of new aid resources from a strikingly broad range of donors. The total estimated disbursement for FY 1988 was estimated at US$1.7 billion, an impressive total but just US$16 per capita. Half of that total was for food aid and other commodities of limited significance for economic growth. Even with the greatest imaginable efficiency in planning and administration, resource-poor and overpopulated Bangladesh cannot achieve significant economic improvements on the basis of that level of assistance. In examining the economy of Bangladesh, wherever one turns the problems crowd in and threaten to overwhelm the analysis. Underlying problems that have threatened the young nation remain unsolved. These problems include overpopulation and inadequate nutrition, health, and education resources; a low standard of living, land scarcity, and vulnerability to natural disaster; virtual absence of valuable metals; and inadequate government and bureaucratic structures. Yet the brief history of independent Bangladesh offers much that is encouraging and satisfying. The World Bank, leader of the Bangladesh Aid Group, described the country in 1987 as a success story for economic development and expressed optimism that the goals of the Third Five-Year Plan, and longer term development goals as well, could be attained. Government policies had been effective in stimulating the economy. The private sector had benefited from an environment of greater economic freedom and had improved performance in banking and production of jute, fertilizer, ready-made garments, and frozen seafood. The average growth rate of economy had been a steady, if unspectacular, 4 percent since the beginning of the 1980s, close to the world average for developing countries. The picture of day-to-day and even year-to-year performance of the economy of Bangladesh is a mixture of accomplishment and failure, not significantly different from that of the majority of poor Third World countries. The government and people of Bangladesh are entitled to take some pride in the degree of success they have achieved since independence, especially when one contrasts their success with the gloomy forecasts of economists and international experts. The international donor community, led by the World Bank, similarly can be proud of the role it has played in assisting this â€Å"largest poorest† nation to become a respected member of the family of nations. * * * Works that are useful for gaining a basic understanding of the Bangladesh economy include Bangladesh: Emergence of a Nation by A.M.A. Muhith and The Political Economy of Development by Just Faaland and J.R. Parkinson. Rehman Sobhan’s The Crisis of External Dependence provides an insightful critique of the foreign aid sector. Kirsten Westergaard’s State and Rural Society in Bangladesh provides information on agricultural development in the context of the relationship between the state and rural society. Articles by Abu Muhammad Shajaat Ali and Akhter Hameed Khan provide agricultural case studies on the village of Shyampur and the Comilla Model, respectively. The Far Eastern Economic Review and Economist both carry timely reports on the state of the economy. Among the most important sources of information on the economy, however, is the documentation provided by various agencies of the governments of Bangladesh and the United States and the World Bank. Important among these is the annual Statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh published by the Ministry of Planning. The Bibliography of Asian Studies each year carries numerous reports on the macroeconomy of Bangladesh and should be consulted for details. (For further information and complete citations, see Bibliography.)

Example of Reviews

Example of reviews is a significant kind of the academic papers that proves the high school and university students knowledge and skills gained during the course. It contains the summary of the specific book, article, movie, or research with the critical analysis that reflects the students familiarity with the described information. In addition, example of reviews proves the students ability to determine the main theories, points, arguments, and conceptions in the texts and develops the critical and evaluative thinking. Review of the article: â€Å"Globalization and Health at the United States–Mexico Border† Globalization is the innovative trade model that makes the significant influence on the political, economic, and social activity. In the article, Nuria Homedes and Antonio Ugalde observed the effects of globalization on the health care policy. Supporting their arguments by the regarded data collected from the North American Free Trade Agreement regulation documents, they explored the USA-Mexico mutual cooperation in the health care field trying to figure out the causes of the controversial health problems. The main cause of the health policymaking issue on the USA-Mexico border is the free international trade that appears in the goods, services, and capital flows rapid exchange between the explored states. The free economic activity attracts the business holders to the border who strives to succeed due to the beneficial features of globalization. According to the independent investigation obtained, more than 11 million people reside along the USA-Mexico border. The researchers consider that the population in this region will double in 2020 and, thus, provide the further development of the health related problems: the air and water pollution; motor accidents; the animal control impossibility; border communications limitation. Referring to this complex situation, Nuria Homedes and Antonio Ugalde state the infectious diseases rapid development. According to the specific statistics obtained by them, the rates of hepatitis A among the American border residents are 3-times higher compared to the states rates. The similar situation is detected in Mexico in which every second woman who visits the prenatal clinic is infected with hepatitis A. In 1994, the NAFTA signed an agreement that establishes the favorable conditions for the international trade on the one hand and promotes social, and political activity on the other along the USA-Mexico border. Unfortunately, this agreement does not contain a chapter related to the health care and protection. Thus, the residents of the explored region are forced to seek and purchase the pharmaceuticals by themselves crossing the border in the different directions. Due to the in-depth analysis of the public health policymakers activity and NAFTA regulations, the authors of the article concluded the lack of the efforts aimed at the borders residents excessive activity adjustment. Based on the provided arguments, Nuria Homedes and Antonio Ugalde proved the destructive effect of globalization on the health care policy. They also figured out and named the specific economic, political, and social barriers that prevent the American and Mexican health policymakers from the successful cooperation. The first action to solve the health care issues is to overcome the political and cultural interdependence. Moreover, it is important for the politicians to equal the health care policy with the economic cooperation on the border. â€Æ' References Bettcher, D. (2002). Globalisation and public health. Journal Of Epidemiology Community Health, 56(1), 8-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.56.1.8 Butler, C. (2002). Globalisation and health. BMJ, 324(7348), 1276-1276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.324.7348.1276 Homedes, N. Ugalde, A. (2003). Globalization and Health at the United States–Mexico Border. Am J Public Health, 93(12), 2016-2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.93.12.2016 Labonte, R. (1998). Healthy Public Policy and the World Trade Organization: A Proposal for an International Health Presence in Future World Trade/Investment Talks. Health Promotion International, 13(3), 245-256. https://academic.oup.com/heapro/article/13/3/245/555411/Healthy-Public-Policy-and-the-World-Trade Vandenburgh, H. (2004). Book Review: Health Policy in a Globalising World edited by Kelley Lee, Kent Buse, and Suzanne Fustukian. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Critical Sociology, 30(3), 827-831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08969205040300031104

The Abolishment of Capital Punishment Essays - 1932 Words

The Abolishment of Capital Punishment Capital punishment has been part of the criminal justice system since the earliest of times. But opponents have argued that the death penalty is racist, economically unjustified, and in violation of the United States Constitution as ...cruel and unusual punishment (â€Å"Chronology†). However, today much of the debate over capital punishment is about whether it is morally right to sentence a person who has committed a serious crime to death. This paper will address the moral issues in the controversy over whether capital punishment should be abolished. The death penalty has been part of most of the world’s justice system since the beginning of civilization. The Hammed code stated, an eye for and†¦show more content†¦The laws were stricter in the past; a person could be executed for things such as stealing or being accused of being a witch. The ancient Hebrews inflicted death on any person found guilty of denying the true God or cursing their parents (â€Å"Background†). For centuries, England punished by death those found guilty of pickpocketing and petty theft (â€Å"Background†). In 1845, the founding of the American Society for the Abolition of Capital Punishment gave movement to a nationwide anti-death-penalty campaign (â€Å"Background†). But this abolition movement did not reach peak strength until the end of the century. Between 1897 and 1917, 10 states repealed death penalty statutes, influenced in part by the reformist sentiments of the progressives (â€Å"Background†). During this period, executions occurred far more frequently than they do today (â€Å"Background†). Capital punishment has been a continued controversy in the public opinion forum, in state legislatures, and most recently in the courts. In 1972, the case of Furman vs. Georgia involving capital punishment reached the US Supreme Court. The Court decided that capital punishment would violated the Eighth Amendments provision forbidding cruel and unusual punishment† (â€Å"Chronology†). By this decision, death sentences all over the country were set asid e. But, four years later, the Supreme Court held in Gregg v. Georgia that under the states’ new two-stage trial system,Show MoreRelated Argument for The Abolishment of Capital Punishment GCSE1179 Words   |  5 Pageslife be worth more than another?s? Would you like to have your dignity, and even your basic human rights to stripped away from you at the flick of a switch or the pull of a trigger? What is the point in Capital punishment when it doesnt even deter crime? A study into the effect of Capital Punishment said, the presence of the death penalty in law and practice has no discernible effect as a deterrent to murder. How does this serve as a deterrent to crime? It offers the convict an easy way out withRead MoreNo More Excuses For Death Penalty Abolishment. Please Assume1532 Words   |  7 PagesNo More Excuses for Death Penalty Abolishment Please assume that your child beat someone because of his angry. Would you punch him to avoid his violent behaviors next time? Although most of the people tend to answer â€Å"No,† the answer unbelievably becomes â€Å"Yes† when the topic changes to capital punishment. Over decades, advocates of death penalty persist that the â€Å"an eye for an eye† rule is justice and have misperception it effectively deters crimes. However, according to the statistic and logicalRead MoreShould The Death Penalty Be Legal?985 Words   |  4 PagesShould the Death Penalty be Legal? The death penalty, also called capital punishment, has been a topic of debate among the public for many years, gaining very little ground in changing the legality of it one way or the other. The topic is very controversial because many people feel that it is wrong to take the life of another person. 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In 1976, the courtRead MoreCapital Punishment Should Be Abolished1135 Words   |  5 Pagessupposed to protect their rights no matter what. Capital punishment should be abolished from the United States. The number one goal of the constitution is to protect the life of an individual and the death penalty passes by this. The death penalty is an easy way out of the crime, it is expensive, philosophers and even psychologists disagree with capital punishment and most important it is the denial of the rights of an individual. Capital punishment is an easy way out because a criminal gets killedRead MoreCapital Punishment Of The United States964 Words   |  4 Pagestoday, 84 countries in the world retain capital punishment (The Grinnell Literary Societies, 78). However, the number of nations using death penalty is decreasing. With the recent pressure from different human rights watch groups and religious groups more so from the Roman Catholic Church, the world remains optimistic that the practice will be done away with once and for all in all nations (Cole, 42). Discussion This paper will tend to look at capital punishment in the US with a look down memory laneRead MoreCapital Punishment Should Be Abolished Essay1293 Words   |  6 PagesApproaching the topic of capital punishment is difficult when looking at society as a whole. In the opinion stated by my class group, capital punishment should be entirely abolished due to the possibility of mistakes while sentencing. This idea relies on the basis that capital punishment has absolutely no purpose or benefit. Members of my group mistakenly used a utilitarianist point of view to argue their case, even though this view can be stretched to fit almost any argument. This paper will exploreRead MoreWorking Class Forged Through Violence. W.E.B. Du Bois Challenges1598 Words   |  7 PagesBois challenges and modernizes Karl Marx view of Marxism in Black Reconstruction. Unlike Marx, he concludes that capitalism is imbedded in slavery and stresses that capital will use prison labor. In Capital, Vol. I, Marx neg lects the role of violence in creating the working class. Du Bois emphasizes the use of violence used by capital to create a working class. Bloodshed is what allowed slaved to enter the working class. During the Civil War, slaves joined the Northern troops to changed the narrative

We Must Stop The Hunger Of Homelessness - 1303 Words

Envision feeling lost and not recognizing what to do or where to go. You spend every night in all kinds of weather on a bench, which you call your bed. As you wake up to the jabbering clamors every morning you choose which open spot will permit you to clean yourself up. Upon getting hungry, you ask individuals for change to eat a modest supper or you seek the closest dumpsters. For the remainder of the day, you sit in the city, trusting and believing people will acknowledge you and want to assist. Realizing that you are not judged by who you are but rather what you will be, you understand that the vast majority in the world doesn’t comprehend homelessness, and curious as to if the conditions in homelessness will ever change. All through the world, it is difficult to number the accurate measure of destitute, however it is known to be millions. Consistently in urban areas and towns across nations, men, women, and children clothed in rags roam the streets, regularly conversing wi th visions and asking or hustling for money. Most are conveying plastic bags, garnering aluminum cans, or hauling shopping buggies loaded with personal possessions. Here and there, they curl up on a bench or in a doorway under very dirty blankets and worn-out coats. If someone issues them money, they may react with prayers of gratitude and grace, or gaze vacantly at nothing in particular feeling untouched by endeavors to offer assistance. These individuals are called homeless, in spite the fact thatShow MoreRelatedHomelessness in the United States Essay1461 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the National Student Campaign Against Hunger and Homelessness, â€Å"approximately 3.5 million people are homeless each year, while 36.3 million live in households without enough food.† This statistic only reflects the United States, and to many people, it just doesn’t make sense. For instance Alfredzine Black of the YWCA in Marion, Indiana says, â€Å"I don’t understand wh y we have so much poverty in the richest country in the world!† Citizens of the United States have a hard time defining andRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Family And Family Homelessness1270 Words   |  6 PagesFamily and child homelessness has been a major social problem within the United states since the 1980s (Bassuk). According to the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, it is a problem that affected 79,446 family households in January 2010, and over 1.5 million children between the years of 2005 and 2006. Family and child homelessness is a genuine issue that although has increased to 37% of the overall homeless, and is said to have reached an â€Å"historic high† (Bassuk), it has not been discussedRead MoreThe Social Responsibility Of Hunger And Homelessness945 Words   |  4 PagesIn society, the whole(being society) takes responsibility for all its members. Hunger and Homelessness. The United States can be argued as having an unhealthy society wit h the factors of hunger and homelessness being present. If only some people of a society belong to a community, it falls short of a community status. Following this idea of a community status, every individual has a responsibility to act in a way that beneficial to society and not solely themselves. With chasing the idea of communityRead MoreIs Cleaning A Beach A Good Thing? Essay1619 Words   |  7 Pagesspecial skills, is it possible to carry out goodness? Even though there is no real reason for good to be so hard to define because it is about doing what you can, it becomes hard because of carelessness. For example, while on our way to work or school we are bound to find a homeless on the street asking for change. Is it really hard to give that person change for breakfast or something to drink? If someone is so scared that their money will be used for drugs instead of food, why not buy the drink insteadRead MoreHass Muslims Against Hunger1334 Words   |  6 PagesZamir Hassan: Muslims Against Hunger A software engineer combats America s hunger crisis â€Å"My goal is to engage Muslims in their communities. I want to change their mindset. They have to live their religion not only practicing it,† confirmed Zamir Hassan, the founder of Muslims Against Hunger in a hotel room in Washington D.C. via Skype video. Hassan is a retired software engineer who grew up in Pakistan and moved to the United States in 1973. He studied at Cornell University, lived in New York,Read MoreEffects of Poverty, Hunger and Homelessness on Children and Youth2370 Words   |  10 PagesAssigned Materials: â€Å"Effects of Poverty, Hunger and Homelessness on Children and Youth†, â€Å"How Do You Define Poverty, Part 1 and Part 2†, and access information on the number of families living in poverty in your county. Summary of Materials: The article, â€Å"Effects of Poverty, Hunger, and Homelessness on Children and Youth†, provides vast amounts of information and the far reaching effects on lives of the individuals living in those circumstances (â€Å"American Psychology†, n.d.). This problem is notRead More Ireland Starves and Lives to Tell: The Effects of the Great Potato Famine1584 Words   |  7 PagesIreland Starves and Lives to Tell: The Effects of the Great Potato Famine â€Å"It must be understood that we cannot feed the people† (Kinealy Calamity 75). The mid 1800s in Ireland were characterized by extreme poverty, death, and emigration. The Great Potato Famine, also known as â€Å"The Great Hunger,† first hit in 1845; however, its effects lasted into the 1850s and can still be seen today. Prior to the famine, Irish manufacture and trade was controlled and suppressed by British governmentRead MoreWho Stole The American Dream?756 Words   |  4 Pages but the work must not stop there. I would propose that it is equally vital to actively work toward increased awareness and advocate against capitalism. The Occupy Movement is a good, recent example, in that it defined the â€Å"99% vs. 1%† as diametrically opposed forces, and brought back the language of class consciousness and conflict into the lexicon of the majority of the nation, at least in a small way. As we once moved away from a feudal economic system in the p ast, I believe we can move past ourRead MoreGenetically Modified Food Production Definition Essay1190 Words   |  5 Pagescreated †¢ Humans infections dieses risk will increased †¢ Creates dangerous side effects †¢ Harms the environment †¢ Its unhealthy Genetically modified foods should be labeled, since December 2002 the Australia law has been required that foods labels must show. Labelling genetically foods allows the consumers to make an informal choice about the products they buy. The first time genetically modified plant was produced in 1983, by using antibiotic- resistant tobacco. Antibiotic- resistant tobaccoRead MoreChild Welfare Is A Program That Helps Improve The Lives Of Disadvantaged Children845 Words   |  4 PagesSome children in today’s society deal with homelessness, food shortage and abuse on a daily basis. Families lose their jobs, are dependent on drugs or are unaware of the proper parenting skills in the United States. In these types of examples, the children are put at risk of not having a stable home and even take the chance of being malnutrition amongst other health issues. Child welfare is a program that helps improve the lives of disadvantaged children (Dictionary.com website, 2016, para. 1). Often

Analysis on Australian Car Industry Shut down and Its Foreign Exchange

Question: Why Toyota / Holden and Ford quits their car production plants and operations in Australia? Answer: One of the beginnings of economic downfall aspect has recently been happened in Australia, when its automobile industry and car components industry were announced to be shut down. The news regarding this shutdown plan was recently been communicated from three of Australian gigantic and powerful Car manufacturing Companies of the world. The news was taken very unfavorably by Australian general public and regulatory bodies as well. These Companies were none other than Toyota, Holden and Ford. And the news announcement was such that these companies were about to close their car manufacturing operations plants from the whole region of Australia. Moreover, in 2013, Ford and Holden have already announced their respective car production concealment plan in Australia from October 2016 and 2017 onwards respectively, and the latest news arrival came from the last remaining car manufacture in the boundaries of Australia, i.e. Toyota, with their announcement to shut down its car production plant from 2017 onwards (Taylor, Chan and Jabour, 2014). In essence, on overall basis after the announcement of these decision by respective companies, an Australian economy would have to face more than 30,000 of its human resources as getting unemployed (NewsComAu, 2014). Each of the above companies reported the same major and adverse reasons and aspects behind their car production closure in Australia and that mainly includes the existence of certain intense competitive forces in the car manufacturing market that are beyond the control of such companies productive and human resources in particular and a very strong and overvalued Australian currency of dollar, which had impacted the industry rather adversely in couple of past years, causing the final price of these cars behind the affordability of a reasonable common man (Couriermail.com.au, 2014). In addition, the unfavorable forecasts of companies marketing experts, regarding the future room of reduction in the overall scale of car or vehicle production in Australia, have compelled these companies to arrive at such a painful conclusion. How FX affected the investment decisions before appreciation of AUD Australian economy have remained an eye catching one for wide range of diversified peoples, especially, trader, businessmen and investor, residing in different locations of the world. Before the ultimate appreciation and rise in Australian currency in the world F market, many investor, FX traders and others, always considered and linked certain geological, geographical and governmental policy and regulation factors as favorable and beneficial for the future growth of Australian dollar in particular (Investing.com, 2014). As, Australian geological factors have given itself a wide range of wealth in high demanding natural resources like, oil, gold, agricultural products and other valuable resources, and geographical positioned of Australia have opened a huge trading opportunities for many Asian economies, which are at their far behind level in reaching the market saturation level for various natural resources being found in Australian regions (Stephen D. Simpson, 2011). Moreover, before the appreciation of FX value of AUD, many car manufacturing companies, e.g. Toyota, Ford and etc were also relentlessly and positively entering into Australian automobile industry, with the ultimate goal of earning an increasing rate of return on reasonable strengthen Australian currency. As a result couple of big names in car manufacturing companies as mentioned above, favorably pushes their capital investment with the sole purpose of establishment of various automobile manufacturing and car components plant into the several region of Australia to reap the benefits from the economical framework of Australian economy. Finally, relaxed and stable governmental policies in Australia regarding the interest rates, governmental and economy stability and lack of intervention policies of state in FX and currency market, have also opened many investment channels in Australian dollars from all around the world as well. Therefore, with the availability of all these glaring factors in the economy and geographical scenario of Australian region, they have substantially affected the investment decisions of many individuals, investors, traders and businessmen from all over the globe in taking the Australian Dollar at the level at what it is today. References or Bibliographies Taylor, L., Chan, G. and Jabour, B. (2014).Toyota to cease manufacturing cars in Australia. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/10/toyota-cease-manufacturing-cars-australia [Accessed 25 May. 2014]. NewsComAu, (2014).Thousands of office workers to lose jobs at Toyota, Holden, Ford. [online] Available at: https://www.news.com.au/finance/thousands-of-office-workers-to-lose-jobs-at-toyota-holden-ford/story-e6frfm1i-1226835343394 [Accessed 25 May. 2014]. Couriermail.com.au, (2014).No Cookies | The Courier-Mail. [online] Available at: https://www.couriermail.com.au/news/why-australias-car-manufacturers-toyota-holden-and-ford-all-conked-out/story-fnk1378p-1226827493012 [Accessed 25 May. 2014]. Investing.com, (2014).FX - Australian dollar stronger ahead of cash rate decision. [online] Available at: https://www.investing.com/news/FX-news/FX---australian-dollar-stronger-ahead-of-cash-rate-decision-274912 [Accessed 25 May. 2014]. Stephen D. Simpson, C. (2011).The Australian Dollar: What Every FX Trader Needs To Know. [online] Investopedia. Available at: https://www.investopedia.com/articles/FX/11/aud-fx-traders-should-know.asp [Accessed 25 May. 2014].

Introduction to Flood Routing Essay Example

Introduction to Flood Routing Paper The Muskingum flow routing method has been very well researched and established in the hydrological literature. Its modest data requirements make it attractive for practical use. The paper gives a general overview of the Flood routing concept and types, and then goes on to explain the Muskingum method in detail. Introduction to Flood Routing Flood routing is a technique which is used to determine the flow hydrograph characteristics like shape and movement along a water course, and how these are affected by various factors like system storage and system dynamics on the shape and movement of flow hydrographs along a watercourse. In other words Flood routing can be described as a process of calculating outflow rates, reservoir stage and storage volume from a stream channel once inflows and channel characteristics are known. The process of flood routing is used for the hydrologic analysis in flood forecasting, flood protection, reservoir design and spillway design etc. The principle of routing is used here for predicting the temporal and spatial distribution of hydrograph, during the course of its travel through the various sections of a stream (Subramanya 2002). Basic Principles of Routing All hydrologic routing methods use a common continuity equation as their common base. According to this equation, the difference between inflow and outflow rates is equal to the rate of change of storage. Mathematically the equation can be written as below: (Gosh 1997 p. 67) In the above equation, I is the rate of inflow, and at any time the corresponding outflow is O. dS is the storage that is accumulated during a very small duration of time dt. Figure below represents the pictorial relation between storage S and discharge Q: We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Flood Routing specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Flood Routing specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Flood Routing specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer (Flood Routing) The above equation considers the losses due to seepage, evaporation and direct accretion to storage, as small enough to be ignored. The equation can be written in integral form as below: (Watson 1983 p. 490) Flood routing methods aim to solve the above one-dimensional mass continuity equation. Flood routing methods classification There are many flood routing methods available like using St. Venant equations, Level Pool Routing, Goodrich Method, Pul’s Method, Kinematic Routing, Muskingum equation, Muskingum-Cunge routing etc. These methods can be divided into the following two categories: Hydrological routing – These methods mainly use the continuity equation Hydraulic routing – These methods combine the equation of continuity with the equation of motion for unsteady flow. (Subramanya 2002 p. 271) Types of Flood Routing In all the hydrologic analysis applications mentioned above, two categories of routing can be clearly recognised: Reservoir routing – In this type of routing, the effect of a flood wave entering a reservoir is studied. This is done by determining the volume-elevation characteristic of a reservoir in addition to the outflow-elevation characteristic of the spillway and also other outlet structures present in the reservoirs (Chadwick Morfett 1986 p318). The results are used to predict the variation of reservoir elevation and outflow discharge with respect to time. This type of routing is necessary for: Designing the capacity of the spillway and other outlet structures Determining the correct location and size of capacity of the reservoir pertaining to a particular requirement condition. Channel routing – In this type of routing, a study is made of the change in shape of a hydrograph as it travels down a channel. This done by considering a channel reach i. e. the specific length of the stream channel, and an input hydrograph at the upstream end of the stream. The results are used to predict the flood hydrograph at various sections of the reach (Chadwick Morfett 1986 p. 322). The output data obtained using this method is, the information on the flood-peak attenuation and, the total duration of the high-water levels. This type of routing is considered very important for: Flood-forecasting operations Flood-protection related work Hydrologic Channel Routing In case of reservoir routing, the storage is a function of output discharge, whereas in case of channel routing, the storage is a function of both inflow and outflow discharges. This is the main reason why entirely different routing methods are needed for Channel routing. When a river is in flood, the flow can be characterized as gradually varied unsteady flow. In a particular channel reach the water surface as expected is not parallel to the channel both. Additionally it also varies with time. At the time of flood, the total volume in storage can be divided into two categories: Prism storage – This is defined as the volume that would exist in case there is uniform flow at the downstream depth. i. e. Prism storage = Wedge storage – This term represents the wedge-like volume which is formed between the actual water surface profile and the prism storage surface i. e. Wedge storage = In the downstream section of a river reach, the prism storage is observed to be constant, when the depth is fixed. However, the wedge storage changes from positive to negative depending on the type of flood. The wedge storage is positive at the time of advancing flood, while it is negative in case of a receding flood. (Subramanya 2002 p. 282-283) (Flow Routing 2) .Muskingum Method Introduction Flood routing in open channels can be determined using a variety of modeling procedures. These methods follow a wide range of methodologies, which can be categorized as: Simple like Muskingum-type approximations – Which have modest data requirements Complex like Muskingum–Cunge methods – Where the typically calibrated Muskingum routing parameters are related to physical and hydraulic characteristics such as reach length, flood wave celerity, unit width discharge and channel bed slope Highly complicated like the solution of the full dynamic flow i. e. St Venant equations – Which require surveyed cross-sectional channel profiles and flow resistance data Out of these the Muskingum and Muskingum–Cunge methods are well established in the hydrological literature, and the modest data requirements make these procedures attractive even though more rigorous hydraulic models are available for unsteady flow routing.